Summary:
September 2025 Periodontal Pearl: Assessing and Diagnosing Periodontal Disease • What is periodontal health? • What is periodontal disease? • How to assess periodontal disease? • Stage and Grade Periodontal Health What is periodontal health? Periodontal health is the state of the supporting parts of periodontium to include the gingiva, periodontal ligaments, cementum, and alveolar bone. These parts are assessed by the measurements of clinical attachment level [CAL], probing depths, bone loss, mobility, recession, and bleeding on probing to evaluate the presence of signs and symptoms of periodontal disease. A healthy periodontium is usually uniformed pink in color variations based on race, fits snug around the teeth, stippled in texture, sharp papilla that fills interdental space, and absence of disease and inflammation. What is periodontal disease? Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium that is caused by infectious bacteria. The two most common inflammatory oral infections are gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is produced by induced biofilm and plaque and non-induced biofilm and plaque [genetics; viral; fungal; immune conditions; reactive processes; neoplasms; endocrine nutritional, and metabolic diseases; traumatic lesions; and gingival pigmentation] infections that are confined to the gingiva. ¹ The gingiva is generally characterized as painless, redness, swollen, bleeding and tenderness to touch with the absence of periodontal attachment loss, bone loss, and mobility, and can be reversed to a healthy state. Periodontitis is bacteria-induced inflammation of the periodontium to include the gingiva, periodontal ligaments, bone, and cementum and can affect health conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, preterm and/or low birth weight, and respiratory diseases while these health conditions can affect the periodontium, as well. If periodontal disease is left untreated, the risk of becoming edentulous increases. Periodontitis is irreversible; however, the progression of the active disease can be arrested. Photo 1 Gingivitis: Periodontitis: How to assess periodontal disease? Gingivitis can be assessed as a localized, site-specific area or as a generalized case [GC] by assessing the severity of inflammation and bleeding of the gingiva known as gingival index [GI]. When gingivitis is assessed as localized, site-specific, the diagnosis is considered “gingivitis site,” visual gingival assessment and bleeding sites may be ? 10 but ? 30 and GC is considered when visual gingival assessment has > 30 bleeding sites and probing depths ? 4mm. Gingival Index [LoeProbe and Silness, 1963]: Scores based on inflammation [four areas of teeth] and bleeding by lightly probing within gingival sulcus. ² • 0= Normal gingiva • 1= Mild inflammation, slight change in color and edema but no bleeding on probing • 2 = Moderate inflammation, redness, edema, and bleeding on probing • 3= Severe inflammation, redness, edema, ulceration with tendency to spontaneous bleeding Periodontal disease can be assessed as localized and generalized periodontitis by using different methods to detect gingivitis and periodontal disease: visual, probing, radiographs, and mobility. • Visual: In Photo 1, you can see a varying difference between the two oral bacterial infections just from a visual standpoint of the periodontium. o Healthy: pink gingiva, firm, stippled, and fits snug around the teeth o Gingivitis: redness, swelling, and bleeding and possible tender to touch o Periodontitis: possible same signs and symptoms as gingivitis with bone loss, perio pocketing, loss of periodontal ligament attachment, and mobility as it progresses • Probing Depths ³: o The Community Periodontal Index [CPI] or Periodontal Screening & Recording [PSR] Probe is an ideal probe [with the 0.5 mm ball on the end] to determine the sextant screening code [0, 1, 2, 3, or 4] to establish if a patient needs a full mouth probing depth based on the scores. If using a probe does not have a ball tip or black band to indicate 3.5mm to 5.5mm, you must modify for periodontal probing accordingly: o Use the millimeter markings of your probe to approximate the CPITN cut-offs. o <3.5 mm ? equivalent to “healthy/gingivitis” [Codes 0–2]. o 4–5 mm ? Code 3. o ?6 mm ? Code 4. Photo 2 CPI/PRS Probe UNC Full-mouth Probe Periodontal Screening & Recording ? Code 0 – healthy gingiva, no bleeding, no calculus; colored band completely visible, ? 3.5mm ? Code 1 – bleeding with no calculus present; colored band completely visible, ? 3.5mm ? Code 2 – calculus present, possible bleeding; colored band completely visible, ? 3.5mm ? Code 3 – bleeding and calculus may or may not be present; colored band partial visible, ? 3.5mm and < 5.5mm ? Code 4 – bleeding and calculus may or may not be present; colored band not visible, ? 5.5mm; needs full mouth periodontal examination 1. The UNC Full-mouth Periodontal Probe [below] is one type of probe used to measure the six areas of each tooth [below] to determine deepest pocket depth and is recorded for periodontal therapy. UNC Full-mouth Periodontal Probe: Six areas of each tooth • Radiographs: In the photo below, you can see bone loss with supragingival and subgingival calculus. The prickly attachments to the teeth depict where calculus is located within the oral cavity. • Mobility: utilizing two metal handles of dental instrument handles to move teeth buccolingual to classify severity of mobility. Mobility Grading System: Miller Index [one of most common] ? 0 – Normal; physiologic mobility 1 – Greater than normal [physiological]; slight mobility, minor horizontal or lateral 2 - <1 mm in buccolingual direction; moderate mobility, noticeable horizontal and vertical/axial 3 - >1 mm in buccolingual direction, depressible; severe mobility, significant horizontal and vertical Stage and Grade Periodontal Health Gingivitis: Because there are various GI assessment methods available to score GI, one of the most common scoring index, LoeProbe and Silness, are confined to visual assessments of the gingiva and bleeding on probing. The GI, combination of visual assessment and periodontal probing, can be classified into four stages of gingivitis²: • 0= Normal gingiva • 1= Mild inflammation, slight change in color and edema but no bleeding on probing • 2 = Moderate inflammation, redness, edema, and bleeding on probing • 3= Severe inflammation, redness, edema, ulceration with tendency to spontaneous bleeding Periodontitis?: The newly 2018 Periodontal Classification can be utilized on new and existing patients based on information collected during patient treatment appointments. Information collected for staging and grading for each patient. Staging: Intends to classify the severity and extent of a patient’s disease based on the measurable amount of destroyed and/or damaged tissue as a result of periodontitis and to assess the specific factors that may attribute to the complexity of long-term case management. • Severity: [CAL], radiographic bone loss, and tooth loss to determine the four stages of periodontitis [I, II, III, and IV] • Complexity: addition of local factors of probing depths, bone loss, and rehabilitation needs • Extent and distribution: classify as localized, generalized or molar/incisor pattern Grading: Aims to indicate the rate of periodontitis progression, responsiveness to standard therapy, and potential impact on systemic health. • Primary criteria of direct or indirect progression periodontitis over of years • Grade modifiers identify risk factors, such as smoking and diabetes References Holmstrup, Palle; Plemons, Jacqueline; & Meyle, Joerg. 2018. “Non-plaque-induced gingival diseases.” Journal of Periodontology 8, 89; September 2017: S28-S45; DOI: 10.1002/JPER.17-0163 https://aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/JPER.17-0163 Trombelli, Leonardo; Farina, Roberto; Silva, Cleverson O.; Tatakis, Dimitris N,. 2018. “Plaque-induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations.” Journal of Periodontology 8:89; October 2017: S46-S73; DOI: 10.1002/JPER.17-0576 https://aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/JPER.17-0576 Smith, G. Todd. Revised 2024. “The Explorer.” PPT for EFDA Perio Training Kim, Gi Youn; Kim, Sunjai; Chang, Jae-Seung; and Pyo, Se-Wook. 2024. “Advancements in Methods of Classification and Measurement Used to Assess Tooth Mobility: A Narrative Review.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, 142.12pp; doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010142 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10779763/pdf/jcm-13-00142.pdf American Academy of Periodontology.perio.org/2017wwdc https://www.perio.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Staging-and-Grading-Periodontitis.pdf Additional References: Community Periodontal Index [CPI] Guide for IHS, Tribal, and Urban Dental Programs file:///U:/EFDA20Perio20Course20Informaton/Protocol20-20IHS20Community20Periodontal20Index20[CPI]20Guide.pdf Required Reading: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29926945/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29926492/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38202149/ https://www.perio.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Staging-and-Grading-Periodontitis.pdf https://www.ihs.gov/doh/documents/perio/Protocol20-20IHS20Community20Periodontal20Index20[CPI]20Guide.pdf
|